Konsep Distribusi dalam Ekonomi Islam : Tinjauan atas Prinsip Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial

Abstract

This study aims to examine the concept of distribution in Islamic economics with an emphasis on the principles of justice (al-‘adl) and welfare (al-falāh) as well as its relevance to contemporary economic challenges. The research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach by analyzing primary and secondary sources, including the Qur’an, Hadith, classical works, and contemporary scholarly contributions. The findings reveal that distribution in Islam has distinct characteristics compared to capitalism and socialism, as it balances individual ownership, public ownership, and state ownership. The distribution instruments regulated by Sharia include zakat, infaq, sadaqah, waqf, and inheritance, which serve as mechanisms for wealth redistribution, poverty alleviation, and strengthening social solidarity. The application of Islamic distribution principles proves to be highly relevant in addressing modern economic issues such as social inequality, structural poverty, the dominance of interest-based financial systems, and intergenerational sustainability. Thus, distribution in Islam is not merely oriented toward economic efficiency but also prioritizes justice, sustainability, and the welfare of the community.

Keywords:  Islamic distribution, justice, welfare, modern economy

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep distribusi dalam ekonomi Islam dengan menitikberatkan pada prinsip keadilan (al-‘adl) dan kesejahteraan (al-falāh) serta relevansinya terhadap tantangan ekonomi modern. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka (library research) melalui analisis literatur primer dan sekunder, termasuk Al-Qur’an, hadis, kitab klasik, dan karya ulama kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi dalam Islam memiliki karakteristik berbeda dengan kapitalisme maupun sosialisme, karena menyeimbangkan kepemilikan individu, kepemilikan publik, dan kepemilikan negara. Instrumen distribusi yang diatur syariah meliputi zakat, infak, sedekah, wakaf, dan waris, yang berfungsi sebagai sarana pemerataan harta, pengentasan kemiskinan, serta penguatan solidaritas sosial. Penerapan prinsip distribusi Islam terbukti relevan untuk menjawab problematika ekonomi modern, seperti kesenjangan sosial, kemiskinan struktural, dominasi sistem berbasis riba, serta isu keberlanjutan antar generasi. Dengan demikian, distribusi dalam Islam tidak hanya berorientasi pada efisiensi ekonomi, tetapi juga mengedepankan keadilan, keberlanjutan, dan kemaslahatan umat.

Kata kunci: distribusi Islam, keadilan, kesejahteraan, ekonomi modern