Perkembangan Paham Kemuhammadiyahan Di Indonesia: Kajian Historis, Teologis, Dan Sosial

Abstract

As one of the largest Islamic reform movements in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah emerged in the early 20th century within a socio-religious context characterized by the community's need for the purification of teachings and adaptation to modernity. Throughout its historical journey, Muhammadiyah has not only functioned as a religious propagation and educational organization but also as a pioneer in shaping modern Islamic discourse in the Nusantara. Based on this context, this study conducts a critical literature review on the evolution of Muhammadiyah ideology within the organization's activities, examining theological-epistemological transformations as well as their social implications within the context of the Republic of Indonesia. Using a diachronic approach and conceptual analysis, this study explores three main dimensions: (1) changes in the methodological framework (manhaj) in Muhammadiyah's religious studies; (2) the variety of Islamic understandings that form the socio-historical background of the Muhammadiyah movement; and (3) the synergy between Islamic epistemology. The modernist Islamic epistemology of Muhammadiyah in the context of global and national contemporary challenges. The study results indicate that the Muhammadiyah understanding is not merely an aspect of internal organizational or ideological matters, but also a religious and cultural phenomenon that produces a progressive model of Islam oriented towards collective ijtihad, the integration of knowledge, and responsiveness to social changes. This study recommends that further research delve deeper into the practical-organizational aspects and examine its empirical impact on Indonesian society more broadly.

Keywords : Muhammadiyah; Tajdid; Manhaj Tarjih; Progressive Islam; Modernism

Abstrak
Sebagai salah satu gerakan reformasi Islam terbesar di Indonesia, Muhammadiyah muncul pada awal abad ke-20 dalam konteks sosial-keagamaan yang ditandai oleh kebutuhan masyarakat akan pemurnian ajaran dan adaptasi terhadap modernitas. Sepanjang perjalanan sejarahnya, Muhammadiyah tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai organisasi dakwah dan pendidikan, tetapi juga sebagai pelopor dalam pembentukan wacana Islam modern di Nusantara. Berdasarkan konteks tersebut, penelitian ini melakukan telaah pustaka kritis terhadap perkembangan ideologi Muhammadiyah dalam aktivitas organisasi, dengan menelaah transformasi teologis-epistemologis serta implikasi sosialnya dalam konteks Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan diakronik dan analisis konseptual, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi tiga dimensi utama: (1) perubahan kerangka metodologis (manhaj) dalam kajian keagamaan Muhammadiyah; (2) keragaman pemahaman keislaman yang membentuk latar belakang sosio-historis gerakan Muhammadiyah; dan (3) sinergi epistemologi Islam modernis Muhammadiyah dalam menghadapi tantangan kontemporer global dan nasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman Muhammadiyah bukan semata-mata aspek internal organisasi atau ideologis, melainkan juga fenomena keagamaan dan kebudayaan yang melahirkan model Islam progresif yang berorientasi pada ijtihad kolektif, integrasi keilmuan, serta responsivitas terhadap perubahan sosial. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar kajian selanjutnya menggali lebih dalam aspek praktis-organisatoris serta menelaah dampak empirisnya terhadap masyarakat Indonesia secara lebih luas.

Kata kunci: Muhammadiyah; Tajdid; Manhaj Tarjih; Islam Progresif; Modernisme