Uji Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum W.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Akar Sel Bawang Bombay (Allium cepa L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66914/yq1qvn36Keywords:
Allium cepa, bay leaf, chromosomal aberration, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mitotic index, Syzygium polyanthum., Allium cepa, aberasi kromosom, daun salam, genotoksisitas, indeks mitosis, sitotoksisitas, Syzygium polyanthum.Abstract
Ekstrak daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum W.) mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi memengaruhi proses pembelahan sel dan kestabilan materi genetik. Pengujian sitotoksisitas dan genotoksisitas menggunakan metode Allium cepa test banyak digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh senyawa bioaktif terhadap aktivitas mitosis dan aberasi kromosom. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak daun salam terhadap indeks mitosis dan aberasi kromosom pada sel akar Allium cepa L. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri atas perlakuan ekstrak daun salam konsentrasi 5%, 10%, dan 15% serta akuades sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan dilakukan pada sel meristematik akar Allium cepa menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dengan perbesaran 400×. Parameter yang diamati meliputi fase mitosis, indeks mitosis, dan aberasi kromosom. Data indeks mitosis dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun salam menyebabkan penurunan indeks mitosis seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi perlakuan. Nilai indeks mitosis pada kontrol, konsentrasi 5%, 10%, dan 15% berturut-turut sebesar 52,37%; 45,30%; 41,13%; dan 26,13%. Perlakuan ekstrak daun salam juga menyebabkan munculnya beberapa jenis aberasi kromosom, yaitu sticky metaphase, chromosome break, bridge, multi bridge, ring, dan c-mitosis. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun salam memiliki efek sitotoksik dan genotoksik terhadap sel meristematik akar Allium cepa. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak yang diberikan, semakin kuat penghambatan proliferasi sel dan gangguan kestabilan materi genetik yang dihasilkan.
Kata kunci: Allium cepa, aberasi kromosom, daun salam, genotoksisitas, indeks mitosis, sitotoksisitas, Syzygium polyanthum.
Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum W.) contains various bioactive compounds that potentially affect the cell division process and the stability of genetic material. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity testing using the Allium cepa test method is widely used to determine the effect of bioactive compounds on mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations. This study aimed to determine the effect of bay leaf extract on the mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa L. root cells. This study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of bay leaf extract treatments at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, as well as distilled water as the control. Observations were conducted on the meristematic root cells of Allium cepa using a light microscope at 400× magnification. The observed parameters included mitotic phases, mitotic index, and chromosomal aberrations. Mitotic index data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that bay leaf extract caused a decrease in the mitotic index along with increasing treatment concentrations. The mitotic index values in the control and treatments of 5%, 10%, and 15% were 52.37%, 45.30%, 41.13%, and 26.13%, respectively. Bay leaf extract treatment also caused several types of chromosomal aberrations, namely sticky metaphase, chromosome break, bridge, multi bridge, ring, and c-mitosis. These results indicated that bay leaf extract had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on the meristematic root cells of Allium cepa. The higher the extract concentration applied, the stronger the inhibition of cell proliferation and the disruption of genetic material stability produced.
Keywords: Allium cepa, bay leaf, chromosomal aberration, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mitotic index, Syzygium polyanthum.
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