Mengapa Pembunuhan Terjadi dan Bagaimana Negara Dapat Menghentikannya: Analisis Perbandingan Kebijakan Kriminal Pencegahan Pembunuhan

Authors

  • ID Zul Khaidir Kadir Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Muslim, Indonesia Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66914/6fegf177

Keywords:

Kebijakan Kriminal; Kekerasan Letal; Pencegahan Pembunuhan; Perlindungan Korban; Tanda Menuju Pembunuhan.

Abstract

Kebijakan pembunuhan masih banyak bertumpu pada pemidanaan setelah korban meninggal, padahal banyak perkara didahului ancaman, kekerasan berulang, akses terhadap alat mematikan, atau konflik kelompok yang sudah memanas. Kajian ini bertujuan menjelaskan mengapa konflik berubah menjadi pembunuhan dan bagaimana negara dapat mencegahnya sebelum akibat fatal terjadi. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif-komparatif dengan menelaah Jepang, Belanda, Amerika Serikat, Brasil, dan Indonesia melalui pendekatan konseptual serta kebijakan kriminal. Hasil kajian menegaskan bahwa pembunuhan tidak cukup diterangkan melalui motif individual. Perubahan konflik menjadi kematian lebih tepat dijelaskan melalui grievance, lethal means, exposure, weak guardianship, dan perceived impunity. Perbandingan antarnegara menegaskan bahwa perbedaan paling penting bukan berada pada beratnya pidana pembunuhan, melainkan pada kemampuan negara mengenali dan merespons risiko sebelum korban meninggal. Jepang relatif kuat pada pembatasan alat mematikan dan penjagaan lokal, Belanda pada perlindungan korban, Amerika Serikat pada intervensi lokal terhadap kelompok dan lokasi berisiko, Brasil pada persoalan legitimasi negara, sedangkan Indonesia masih menghadapi tanda menuju pembunuhan yang belum terhubung dalam satu sistem kelembagaan. Kajian ini menawarkan Pre-Lethal Criminal Policy sebagai model untuk mengubah ancaman, penguntitan, kekerasan awal, dan konflik kelompok menjadi dasar intervensi perlindungan yang proporsional.

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Published

2026-06-15