Pendekatan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Kesehatan Lingkungan pada Penatalaksanaan Asma Bronkial dengan Eksaserbasi Akut Sedang di Puskesmas

Authors

  • ID Yasmine Noor Zahwa Program Studi Profesi Dokter, Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe Indonesia Author
  • ID Hendra Wahyuni Bagian Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran Respirasi / Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh Utara Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66914/2kks6j91

Keywords:

Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Asma Bronkial, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Teori Blum, Five Levels of Prevention, Puskesmas, Public Health, Bronchial Asthma, Environmental Health, Blum's Paradigm, Primary Health Center

Abstract

Asma bronkial merupakan penyakit respirasi kronis tidak menular dengan beban morbiditas dan beban pembiayaan kesehatan masyarakat yang besar. Eksaserbasi asma akut kerap dipicu oleh interaksi multifaktorial antara determinan lingkungan, perilaku kesehatan, kondisi sosio-ekonomi, dan akses pelayanan kesehatan. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis penatalaksanaan asma bronkial dengan eksaserbasi akut sedang menggunakan perspektif Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (IKM) komprehensif, mengintegrasikan teori Blum, segitiga epidemiologi, analisis Fishbone, serta pencegahan berjenjang (Five Levels of Prevention). Pasien adalah seorang wanita usia 21 tahun (Nn. NU), pedagang toko pakaian jadi, datang ke Puskesmas Syamtalira Bayu dengan keluhan sesak napas memberat dalam 3 hari, mengi ekspirasi, dan dada terasa berat. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan takipnea (RR 24 x/menit), takikardia (nadi 100 x/menit), SpO2 96%, dan wheezing ekspirasi bilateral. Kunjungan rumah (home visit) mengungkap faktor risiko kesehatan masyarakat dominan: akumulasi tungau debu rumah (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), kebiasaan pembakaran sampah domestik terbuka di pekarangan belakang (polusi partikulat PM2.5), paparan asap rokok lingkungan, dan paparan debu serat kain di tempat kerja. Intervensi IKM difokuskan pada pemutusan rantai transmisi pajanan alergen/iritan, penghentian pembakaran sampah terbuka melalui edukasi pengelolaan sampah padat pedesaan, koreksi perilaku kepatuhan obat pengontrol ICS-LABA, edukasi teknik inhaler, serta pemberdayaan keluarga inti sebagai pengawas minum obat. Pendekatan kesehatan masyarakat berbasis layanan primer terbukti efektif mengendalikan faktor determinan lingkungan dan perilaku, mencegah eksaserbasi berulang, menurunkan beban biaya kuratif, serta meningkatkan derajat kesehatan fungsional masyarakat.

Kata kunci: Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Asma Bronkial, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Teori Blum, Five Levels of Prevention, Puskesmas

Abstract

Bronchial asthma is a major chronic non-communicable respiratory disease posing significant public health and economic burdens worldwide. Acute exacerbations are frequently driven by multifaceted interactions among environmental determinants, personal health behaviors, socioeconomic status, and healthcare accessibility. This paper examines the management of moderate acute asthma exacerbation through a comprehensive Public Health perspective, integrating Henrik L. Blum's paradigm, the epidemiological triad, Fishbone root-cause analysis, and Leavell and Clark's Five Levels of Prevention. The case involves a 21-year-old female garment vendor (Ms. NU) who presented to Syamtalira Bayu Primary Healthcare Center with a 3-day history of aggravated dyspnea, expiratory wheezing, and chest tightness. Physical examination revealed tachypnea (RR 24 breaths/min), tachycardia (heart rate 100 bpm), SpO2 96%, and bilateral expiratory wheezing. An epidemiological home visit identified crucial public health risks: heavy indoor dust mite infestation, open backyard waste incineration (generating hazardous PM2.5 particulates), environmental tobacco smoke, and occupational synthetic fiber dust exposure. Public health interventions encompassed breaking the environmental exposure pathway, eliminating open garbage burning through rural solid-waste management education, addressing health behavioral compliance regarding regular ICS-LABA controller therapy, inhaler technique mastery, and empowering family support systems. Primary healthcare-based public health interventions prove vital in modifying environmental and behavioral determinants, halting recurrent preventable exacerbations, mitigating curative expenditures, and fostering community well-being.

Keywords: Public Health, Bronchial Asthma, Environmental Health, Blum's Paradigm, Five Levels of Prevention, Primary Health Center

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Published

2026-10-26