Pendekatan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Kedokteran Keluarga pada Penatalaksanaan Rhinofaringitis Akut Dengan Gizi Kurang pada Balita: Sebuah Laporan Kasus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66914/g6xazm03Keywords:
Acute Rhinopharyngitis, Malnutrition, VLBW, Family Medicine, Environmental Health, Primary HealthcareAbstract
Rhinofaringitis akut merupakan infeksi saluran pernapasan atas yang paling sering dijumpai pada balita. Pada anak dengan malnutrisi dan riwayat perinatal berisiko, infeksi saluran napas dapat berlangsung lebih sering, memicu lingkaran setan infeksi-malnutrisi, serta meningkatkan risiko komplikasi neurologis seperti kejang demam. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penatalaksanaan komprehensif rhinofaringitis akut yang disertai gizi kurang dan suspek keterlambatan perkembangan pada anak usia 4 tahun melalui pendekatan kedokteran keluarga dan ilmu kesehatan masyarakat. Pasien anak laki-laki usia 48 bulan dibawa ke Puskesmas Syamtalira Bayu dengan keluhan utama pilek, hidung tersumbat, batuk, dan demam sejak tiga hari. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan mukosa konka hiperemis, sekret serosa, dan faring hiperemis. Status antropometri menunjukkan berat badan 10 kg dan tinggi badan 82 cm (BB/U < -3 SD, TB/U < -3 SD, BB/TB -1 SD) yang mencerminkan kondisi gizi kurang kronis (stunting dan underweight). Skrining KPSP menunjukkan skor 6 (penyimpangan perkembangan). Pasien memiliki riwayat lahir prematur 31 minggu dengan berat badan lahir sangat rendah (BBLSR 1.200 gram), riwayat tidak pernah mendapat ASI eksklusif, serta riwayat kejang demam pada usia 2 tahun. Kunjungan rumah (home visit) mengidentifikasi paparan asap rokok berat dari ayah (1 bungkus/hari), ventilasi rumah minim, keberadaan kandang unggas dekat rumah, sanitasi air sumur dengan klorinasi tidak teratur, serta rendahnya literasi gizi keluarga. Intervensi dilakukan secara holistik mencakup medikamentosa simptomatik suportif (hidrasi, cuci hidung NaCl 0,9%, parasetamol p.r.n.), edukasi penghentian merokok di dalam rumah, suplementasi nutrisi tinggi protein hewani, stimulasi tumbuh kembang berkala, dan rujukan ke Posyandu. Pendekatan kesehatan masyarakat terbukti esensial dalam memutus transmisi patogen respiratori, memulihkan status gizi, dan mencegah kekambuhan kejang demam pada anak.
Kata kunci: Rhinofaringitis Akut, Gizi Kurang, BBLSR, Kedokteran Keluarga, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Puskesmas
Abstract
Acute rhinopharyngitis is the most prevalent upper respiratory tract infection among young children. In pediatric patients with underlying malnutrition and high-risk perinatal history, respiratory infections often present with increased frequency and severity, perpetuating a vicious cycle of infection-malnutrition and escalating the risk of neurological sequelae such as febrile seizures. This case report aims to analyze the comprehensive management of acute rhinopharyngitis complicated by undernutrition and suspected developmental delay in a 4-year-old child using family medicine and public health approaches. A 48-month-old boy was brought to Puskesmas Syamtalira Bayu presenting with clear rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, and low-grade fever for three days. Physical examination revealed hyperemic nasal turbinates with serous discharge and pharyngeal injection. Anthropometric evaluation revealed a body weight of 10 kg and body height of 82 cm (WAZ < -3 SD, HAZ < -3 SD, WHZ -1 SD), denoting severe chronic malnutrition (stunting with underweight). Developmental screening via KPSP scored 6 (suspected developmental deviation). Notably, the patient had a perinatal history of preterm birth at 31 weeks gestation with very low birth weight (VLBW 1,200 g), complete absence of breastfeeding, and a past history of febrile seizure at age 2. An environmental home visit identified heavy indoor second-hand tobacco smoke exposure (father smoking 1 pack/day), suboptimal household ventilation, close proximity to poultry coops, unchlorinated well water, and low maternal nutritional literacy. Comprehensive management was executed incorporating supportive symptomatic therapy (adequate hydration, isotonic saline nasal irrigation, paracetamol p.r.n.), indoor smoking cessation counseling, high-biological-value protein dietary optimization, structured developmental stimulation, and enrollment in community health post (Posyandu) growth monitoring. A community-oriented primary care approach is crucial to break respiratory infection transmission, remediate nutritional deficits, and mitigate febrile seizure recurrence.
Keywords: Acute Rhinopharyngitis, Malnutrition, VLBW, Family Medicine, Environmental Health, Primary Healthcare
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Amirah Rona Filhaqqi Harahap

